The double base propellant dbp was in the form of single tubes with diameter 5. Evaluation of a sheathed permissible explosive charge for. Theyll give your presentations a professional, memorable appearance the kind of sophisticated look that todays audiences expect. Cdc mining secondary explosion hazards during blasting in. Feb 02, 2017 biafo offers complete explosives systems for above and below ground application, where rock must be broken are. Pdf use of dynamites, watergels and emulsion explosives. The water gel and ammonium nitrate fuel oil explosive with adjustable density, initiation sensitivity, explosive property. Evaluation of a sheathed permissible explosive charge. Slurries, emulsions and ammonium nitrate fuel oils. These guidelines cover all applications of pumping water based blasting explosives, be it either emulsion explosives, slurries or watergels, both in the factory and in the field, in openpit or underground mining and quarrying, and in construction work with the exceptions noted below. Check out engineering chemistry 1st year notes pdf free download. A water gel explosive is a fuel sensitized explosive mixture consisting of an aqueous ammonium nitrate solution that acts as the oxidizer. Systematic approach to the identification of watergel explosives.
This water gel provides improved performance where a medium to high strength product is required to do the job. High vod explosives are more suitable in hard rock and low vod in softer rock. Powergel 901 is a water resistant packaged explosive designed to deliver high energy. A design criterion for permissible water gel explosives. Ep2784052a1 method for the onsite manufacture of water. Type of explosive, dynamite, ammonium nitrate and fuel oil anfo, slurry water gel, emulsion. Explosiveswater gels and slurries 1 company found compare and research water gel and slurry explosive companies and businesses online. Water gels are also less expensive compared to conventional explosives. Explosive materials code identifies reasonable levels of safety for the manufacture, transportation, storage, sale, and use of explosive materials, including blasting agents, water gel and emulsion materials, smokeless propellants, black powder propellants, and. Some commercial explosives with high fuel content may readily ignite and burn.
Lithium and manganese oxides have been prepared by the explosion of water gel explosives of the metal nitrates, m no3x m li, mn as oxidizers and glycol as fuels, at relative low temperature. As a result, cap sensitive versions of each are increasingly encountered in criminal activity and a strategy for their identification and characterization is needed. A method for producing a surfactant free water gel explosive composition having lasting stability comprising the steps of combining a liquid nitroparaffin having carbon atoms in an amount of 330% by weight of the total composition for use as an internal dispersed phase and free of crosslinking agents, an aqueous oxidizer salt solution for use as a continuous. Explosives commonly used in transportation projects. Engineering chemistry 1st year notes pdf download books.
Water gel explosives have replaced nitroglycerin based explosives like standard dynamite, for many commercial blasting operations. The charge consists of 112 lb of permissible water gel explosive in the form of a short cylinder 7 inches in diameter and 78 inches high, surrounded by a 12inchthick layer of damp salt, and encased in latex rubber reinforced with cheese cloth. The vod range in commercial explosives is 25007500 ms. Worlds best powerpoint templates crystalgraphics offers more powerpoint templates than anyone else in the world, with over 4 million to choose from. Preparation and performance of a novel water gel explosive. The vapor components of several water gel explosives have been characterized using ptwire preconcentrationcapillary gas chromatography.
Utec is a world recognized expert in water gel explosives. Download as ppt, pdf, txt or read online from scribd. Cn103242115b water gel and ammonium nitrate fuel oil. Therefore, to make highenergy explosives, water content must be reduced. Blasting agents, nitrocarbonitrates, including non cap sensitive slurry and water gel explosives. A water gel single phase explosive composition in which a liquid paraffin sensitizer having carbon atoms is completely solubilized consisting of 4090% of an aqueous perchlorate oxidizer solution having a concentration of 5080% selected from the group consisting of alkali metal and alkaline earth metal perchlorates. Lithium and manganese oxides have been prepared by the explosion of watergel explosives of the metal nitrates, m no3x m li, mn as oxidizers and glycol as fuels, at relative low temperature. Three explosives a pumpable emulsionanfo blend, a packaged water gel, and an emulsion blasting agentexhibited lowincendive qualities compared with other more highly incendive products such as anfo and some dynamites. A method for producing a single phase water gel explosive composition in which a liquid paraffin sensitizer having carbon atoms is completely solubilized consisting of the steps of mixing 4090% of an aqueous perchlorate oxidizer solution having a concentration of 50 80% and selected from the group consisting of alkali metal and alkaline earth metal perchlorates. K2 explosives explosives products and services supporting local and federal law enforcement agencies, commercial contractors and. The application of smooth blasting for freezing rock in vertical shaft accord ing to the status of frozen wall and the temperature of frozen strata, the water gel explosive and ammonium nitrate explo sive and the umbrella drill drilling are. Ammonium nitrate explosives for civil applications. For free running explosives, the density is often specified as the pounds of explosives per foot of charge length in a given size borehole.
Low explosives generally do not fragment rock as well as high explosives. Water gels that are capinsensitive are referred to under united states safety regulations as blasting agents. The emulsion has a firm rheology and is packed into plastic sleeves of various dimensions. Binary 20,500 booster 26,000 water gel 12,500 17,000 detonating cord 27,500 emulsion 15,000 18,000 anfo. The invention relates to the technical field of industrial explosive production, and in particular relates to a water gel and ammonium nitrate fuel oil explosive and a production method thereof. Hence a systematic approach utilising a combination of various methods 1, 2is generally necessary and the investigation of water gel explosives can be rather time consuming. The ultimate energy thief for an explosive is water.
Dec 06, 2009 just testing two different ratios of watergel explosives. Detonator sensitive yet withstands standard drop weight and friction tests. Innopak innopak packaged explosives provide reliable blasting solutions to hard rock mining, quarrying, and construction applications. The water gels or slurries explosives were produced as early as in the.
Watergel explosive article about watergel explosive by. We have provided chemistry 1st year study materials and lecture notes for cse, ece, eee, it, mech, civil, ane, ae, pce and all other branches. The water gel and ammonium nitrate fuel oil explosive with adjustable density, initiation sensitivity, explosive property, freerunning property or viscosity is produced from different special ammonium. Slurry water gel also known as a dense blasting agent dbs, slurry is a mixture of a sensitizer, an oxidizer, water, and a thickener. Cole and 2002 bali nightclub bombings recommended in alqaedas traditional curriculum of explosives training. Download product flyer is to download pdf in new tab. A watergel explosive is a fuel sensitized explosive mixture consisting of an aqueous ammonium nitrate solution that acts as the oxidizer. Three explosives a pumpable emulsionanfo blend, a packaged water gel, and an emulsion blasting agentexhibited lowincendive qualities.
Anfo and waterbased explosives such as water gels and emulsions are more difficult to ignite in the open. Initially a series of presumptive chemical spot tests 3 are used to indicate the major components of an explosive sample. In order to heat 1kg of water to vaporization, 2,256 kilojoules per kilogram of. Systematic approach to the identification of watergel. The production of water gel and emulsion explosives is gradually replacing nitroglycerin dynamites. These guidelines cover all applications of pumping waterbased blasting explosives, be it either emulsion explosives, slurries or watergels, both in the factory and in the field, in openpit or underground mining and quarrying, and in construction work with the exceptions noted below. Use of dynamites, watergels and emulsion explosives in sri lankan quarryingmining practice. Powergel 901 cartridges are packaged in film, which readily splits during tamping to maximize coupling and bulk strength within a blasthole. A water gel explosive composition having lasting stability consisting essentially of an internal phase of a liquid nitroparaffin having carbon atoms in an amount of 330% by weight of the total composition, an external continuous phase of an aqueous oxidizer salt solution.
The density of an explosive may be expressed in terms of specific gravity. With advantages in cost, safety and ease of use, water gel slurry and emulsion explosives are rapidly replacing traditional explosives. Ppt introduction to explosives powerpoint presentation. View product in our store for further information about this product please fill out this form and we will contact you. The purpose of the symposium, as the previous symposia, was to present and to discuss new approaches, new applications, new methods and techniques in analysis and detection of explosives. This subject is the preparation of the shot area, better known as drilling the holes in the rock. It can be used in both priming applications and as a high density column explosive. Water gels a coal miner loading a drill hole with a water gel explosive called tovex. Water gel explosives are the second leading aqueous based explosives products manufactured worldwide. The water gel and ammonium nitrate fuel oil explosive with adjustable density, initiation sensitivity, explosive property, freerunning property or viscosity is produced from different special ammonium nitrate fuel oil explosives and water gel explosives according to different proportioning requirements, has the characteristics of economical.
Inert sak pak water gel chub pouch type cartridge made by e. Water gel explosives inert simulants securesearch inc. Biafo offers complete explosives systems for above and below ground application, where rock must be broken are. Its compatibility with water and crossed linked gel consistency ensures fast sinking in sludgy bore holes better water resistance and retention of gel consistency for all longer period of time under arduous conditions of wet mining and hydrostatic pressures high degree of safety against mechanical impact,friction and heat fire usually encountered in open pit mining. In order to heat 1kg of water to vaporization, 2,256 kilojoules per kilogram of energy is required. Anfo and water based explosives such as water gels and emulsions are more difficult to ignite in the open. Because they are relatively safe and easy to use, they are often times used in the mining industry. The sensitizer can be any number of reducing chemicals, but is usually tnt trinitrotoluene. It is worth noting that water gels, slurries, and emulsion products can be formulated to produce either 1 capsensitive hesby adding sufficient amounts of he. The innopak product range offers various high energy options and can be supplied in a number of different lengths and diameters or as a combo pack. Cdc mining secondary explosion hazards during blasting. A method for producing water gel explosives by solubilizing a nitroparaffin sensitizer having carbon atoms, preferably nitromethane, in an aqueous oxidizer perchlorate salt solution by incorporating in the composition a nitroparaffin solubilizing agent, such as ethylene glycol, and the product so produced. Before the emulsion explosives came into being, the water gels explosives were often used to replace dynamites.
Water gel explosives have a jellylike consistency and come in sausagelike packing stapled. Water gel explosives inert simulants inert sak pak. Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of the explosive to the density of water under standard conditions. Any explosive engineer, blaster, shotfirer, or holeloader will tell you.
Anfo does not combust well in water, but it can be sealed in bags to prevent water seepage. With advantages in cost, safety and ease of use, water gelslurry and emulsion explosives are rapidly replacing traditional explosives. The product is jellylike, and usually comes in the form of sausagetype plastic casings, clear or opaque that have the ends stapled shut. The water gels or slurries explosives were produced as early as in the 1950s 6. Produces high shattering effect, high brisance and gas volume. Pdf use of dynamites, watergels and emulsion explosives in. Just testing two different ratios of watergel explosives. List of explosiveswater gels and slurries companies and. The mass of the explosive was 800 g with diameter 85 mm. Utec has been key in developing water gel explosive formulations and associated technology advancements for over 35 years. Detagel is available in diameters of 78 and up and will maintain package integrity when cut. These were, at first, mixtures of ammonium nitrate, tnt, water, and gelatinizing agents, usually guar gum and a cross linking agent such as borax. A design criterion for permissible water gel explosives a design criterion for permissible water gel explosives krishna mohan, v srinivas, m.
Chemical sensitizers may be used in emulsion explosives but are less common than in slurry types. The first one is cheaper and more moldable, the second one is more expensive and very jelly like. For free running explosives, the density is often specified. Explosives water gels and slurries 1 company found compare and research water gel and slurry explosive companies and businesses online. The instrumental analysis of intact and post blast water gel and. A few types are detonator sensitive, but most require one or more dynamite cartridges or cast tnt boosters to be placed in. Water gels that are cap insensitive are referred to under united states safety regulations as blasting agents. Initially a series of presumptive chemical spot tests are used to indicate the major components of an explosive sample. Hence a systematic approach utilising a combination of various methods 1, 2is generally necessary and the investigation of watergel explosives can be rather time consuming. Winner of the standing ovation award for best powerpoint templates from presentations magazine. Detagel is a high strength hexamine nitrate, slurry water gel.
Explosives free download as powerpoint presentation. Before addressing the field of explosives engineering, an area of major importance must be examined. Utec has licensed its water gel technology around the world. The pressure histories were captured and recorded by a pressure sensor pcb1b, a signal disposal instrument pcb482a20 and a data collector vxi1115. Super blaster is a cap sensitive cartridged water gel designed for underground and surface applications. The symposium was, according to the feedback received from many participants, very successful and met the anticipated expectations.
Control hazards when handling explosives by complying with the latest safety provisions in the 20 nfpa 495 nfpa 495. His original water gel explosive was a largediameter gel explosive that was used in large wet holes. Generally, explosives with a lower vod tend to release gas over a longer period and consequently have more heave. A water gel explosive composition having lasting stability consisting essentially of an internal phase of a liquid nitroparaffin having carbon atoms in an amount of 330% by weight of the total composition, an. Pdf application of emulsion explosive and comparative study on. Zongxian zhang, in rock fracture and blasting, 2016. In confined spaces, burning may lead to detonation. Water provides no energy to the bulk explosive when detonated. Water gel explosives have a jellylike consistency and come in sausagelike packing stapled shut on both sides. Heavy anfo blends zblend of anfo and unsensitized water gel or emulsion matrix or anfo anditidt l li li titi td sensitized water gel or emulsion explosive matrix. There are many different types of water gel explosives and each type of explosive can be used in different situations. The specific gravity of commercial explosives ranges from 0.
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